Beirut Combine All Era Civilization

 Beirut Combine All Era Civilization

Beirut is the political capital of the Republic of Lebanon and its largest city. Exceed the number of population of two million people, according to a Statistics in 2007.  Located in the middle east of the Lebanese coastline of the Mediterranean. Concentrated most of the vital facilities of industry and trade and services. An ancient city and ancient, as I mentioned in the Amarna letters, dated from the fifteenth century BC It is inhabited since then.

Beirut is Lebanon's political center of gravity where the headquarters of most political circles such as parliament and the presidency in addition to the centers of most ministries and government departments. Play a key role in the economic movement in Lebanon. The city is one of the most important cultural influences in the Middle East and the Arab world of the rich cultural activities such as free press, theaters, publishing houses and art galleries, museums and a large number of international universities.

The city passed a number of disasters and wars Zlalzel throughout history, most recently the devastating Lebanese civil war. After the war ended in 1990, the State during the government of Prime Minister of Lebanon at the time of Rafik Hariri reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city and especially the middle trade and confronted the marine and Mlahiaa night, restoring shine offerings and make it an attractive tourist destination. The New York Times Beirut to grant the first position among the list of places that should be visited in the year 2009, [5] have also been classified among the top ten cities most vibrant in 2009 by Lonely Planet guide to tourism. 

Detection index "MasterCard" in 2011, Beirut accounted for the second place in terms of the ratio between the all luxury tourist cities in the Middle East and Africa. The first place Vaanlth Dubai, which amounted to what the tourists spend about $ 7.8 billion, followed by Beirut directly about $ 6.5 billion, then Tel Aviv at about 3.8 billion, and Cairo (3.7 billion dollars), Johannesburg (3.3 billion dollars). Also set up in Beirut ranked ninth among the list of the most visited cities in the world.

Prehistoric

Cutting tools Canaanite painted on the far end. Believed to form part of the sling. These tools are manufactured from pure gray granite, and notes that parts of its sides has fell by the constant pressure on them. May have been outdated in the handle as Hadha narrow somewhat. Found on the campus of the Evangelical School for Girls in the Patriarchate of Beirut.

The researchers discovered and archaeologists several archaeological sites located within the boundaries of the areas that make up the city of Beirut, contemporary, and most of these sites contains tools flint dating back to decades, starting from the eras Ahadjrien: the old mediator and the old top, through eras neolithic through to the Bronze Age. The most prominent of these sites are:

Site port of the fort: he described the researchers as "a village of a Beirut", and is likely that the location of the original was on the beach near the hotel east and Seoul, in serious French, known locally as the "Street Frensawih."  The site was first discovered in 1894, and studied for the first time at the hands of a Jesuit Fathers in 1900.  described the peridotitic tools found on the site that it Mustaria, was retained by the Museum of Fine Arts in Lyon.

Or site-Khatib is located north of the current New Road, and found the flint tools dating from the era of the copper. Destroy this site after the buildings that were built upon in 1948.

Furn site is located on the left bank of the Beirut River, where it ends the city limits.  The area was formerly covered with red sand that formed Massataba of the river due to the age of four. Found a group of Jesuit Fathers on this site, and discovered a large number of tools granite belonging to the Paleolithic mediator, has been mostly Mgrosa in the sand on the bank of the river, included findings about 50 cutting tool back to the period Alohulinih, maintained today the museum Lebanese Alqpatarrakhih effects.

Beirut River site: It was said that he signed in a grove of mulberry trees on the left bank of the river near the railway line heading to Tripoli. This site was discovered in the remains of several spears and serrated flint stones and bones, buried amid mud. Were constructed by the buildings at this time.

Also found in other locations,  the most important sites Patriarchate and the tower, the remains of axes are old, and on the graves dating back to the mid-Bronze Age, in the latter region, prompting the researchers to say that the "hill" Beirut is the old, or colony of human major, were you at that the place. 

Old Era

Built Beirut by the people of Jbeil (Byblos) before four thousand years, and soon grew up and baptized population and became an independent kingdom on the coast, which was known as Phoenicia and Abdul people god its own name "Baal-Berit" any god or master of Beirut, and struck its name coin carries a fee is this God. and the first signal of the city of Beirut-century fifth century BC as mentioned in the letters of Tel el-Amarna cuneiform which stated "Amonnera" king "Pierrette".  who sent three letters to the Egyptian pharaoh  . As I said, "Pierrette" messages in the "head end" King of Byblos. And established the first center of its settlements on the island, which blamed her buried through the ages.

Underwent Beirut to the rule of the Egyptians after the pharaoh Thtamos third occupy the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea during the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt, after the Egyptians had all of the Assyrians, Chaldeans, Persians control of Phoenicia, including Beirut, before to defeat Alexander the Great, the Persians and includes the city of his empire. In the year 140 BC. M occupied and destroyed "Dieudotos Trivon," Hellenistic King, during his struggle with the "Onyuhs VII" for control of the throne of the Seleucid state. And then reconstructed on the model and the Hellenic-called "Phoenician Aodecea" (Greek: Λαοδικεια ή του Φοινίκη) and in some cases "to Aodecea Canaanite." The city is located today on the ruins of those built by Greece, as shown by excavations that have been working out after the civil war ended in 1991. According to one of the excavations from 1994 to the Street, "long market" is the modern evolution of the St. Helena or a Roman road.
The effects of baths ROMANIAN Beirut, the city center.

Beirut and occupied the Roman general, "Marcus Agrippa" in 64 BC. M. And called it "the settlement of Julia August Beritus happy" (Latin: Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus) named after Bjulia girl Emperor Augustus  Given the importance of the city the concentration of the Alveleghan Alromagnan: Macedonian V, dear third, which turned it into part of the Empire Romanian and were consequently reconstruction according to the Roman architectural style, were built the buildings, structures, theaters, pools, luxurious and governmental institutions.

City known brighter days during the reign of Herod became the Roman city full rights in the year 14 BC. M, and was awarded the title of Almstmarh excellent. famous Beirut under Roman rule, school law, which continued to teach the rights to more than 300 years, and was at that time a center for science students of national and foreign. A school that earned the city at the time of the title "Mother of laws and nursing science."  of the most famous teachers Jurists Phoenicians "Papinanos" and "Olpejanos," who soon became famous during the reign of Emperors Sifrien, which was their basis the law of Justinian I known "Balbndkedz" . Destroyed the school as a result of a wave of earthquakes in Beirut in the year 551 AD, transfer of students to the city of Sidon.  The earthquake killed 30,000 Perotti and 250,000 of the population of the Phoenician coast, which will loose the Beirut importance during the years remaining her under the rule of the Roman Albezntinin.

 Middle Ages

Crystal Clear app kdict.png See also: Open-Sham and the Kingdom of Jerusalem
After about a hundred years from the destruction of the city, during the year 635 AD, opened the Arabs, led by Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan at the time of the succession of Omar ibn al-Khattab the second caliph who ordered restored and fortified castles to protect them from attacks by the Romans who tried in vain to restore several times. [40] In those period have not been very popular Beirut and the importance of remembering, such as those enjoyed by the city of Acre as a trading center in the eastern Mediterranean.

Elevated when Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan caliphate brought Beirut to a people from the Persians and the Osknhm as he did to other cities coast-Shami and Baalbek. The city was during the reign of the Caliphs and the Umayyad and the Abbasids, a subsidiary of Damascus, and taken by the Muslims in the said bond covenants, any military base, and which launched the Arab armies carried by rolling on the fleet which was opened by the island of Cyprus, Uthman ibn Affan days. In the days of Abu Jafar al-Mansur, the second Abbasid caliph, which showed several prominent scientists most notably Abdul Rahman Ouzai, known as "Imam Ouzai" who died in 773, and his grave is still located near them at the southern side, on the coast of the sea, in the area became named after him, This tomb was, and remains a popular destination for people who visit him and seek blessing him.  regained the king of the Byzantines "John Zimesias" Beirut in 974 and remained for about a year, then brought him out of the Egyptian forces that Ersabha essence of Sicily in the days of the Ubaid rulers of Egypt at the time, and in their time This was a city associated with the head of Damascus, capital of the caliphate in Cairo Ubaydi that day.Drawing from in 1842 shows the re-occupation of Beirut by the Crusaders in 1197.

Attacked the armies of the Crusaders Beirut in 1102, although they were not important at the time, but declined them, and were held off, and when he was a 1110 restored these armies the ball out under the leadership of "Bgdwin I," and was able to occupy it.  and remained the Crusaders in the city until in 1291 , and in that period of the Kingdom of Jerusalem has been adopted in the prosperity of that time on the movement of trade with Europe in spices. Among the most famous pimp crusaders who ruled Beirut, "Mr. John, the first abelian", nicknamed "the old master of Beirut" (1179-1236) who restored the city after many battles with Saladin, and built a palace in which every abelian.  recovered Salah Din Beirut in 1187, but returned to the Crusaders after about ten years, and after that remains of the Ayyubid and replaced by the Mamluk state sent Malik al-Ashraf Khalil, son of King Qalawun Salhi, a large army to the city Fastaadha and make it a subsidiary of behalf of Tripoli Sham, which was tied upside down in Cairo, the seat of power Mamluk at the time.

Today

In 1516 beat the Sultan Selim I Ottoman Qansuh Ghori Sultan Mamluk and spent it in the battle of Marj glutinous north of Aleppo, and followed the advance until occupied all the Levant, and then entered Beirut in the possession of the Ottoman Empire and was the first governor of Ottoman where Mohammed bin Korkmaz (Korkmaz Ihsanoglu ), a Jarkisi. [40] ruled the city by princes Druze,  times of the children of Assaf and sometimes of the sons of Siva,  beginning of the sixteenth century, and in that period, Beirut was a mere village of normal, after that tell the merchants and weakened industrial business, and maritime professions, such as hunting and shipbuilding and repair and provide them with supplies, either for the spread of the pirates in the Mediterranean at the time, or to leave a lot of maritime convoys to turn around Africa's Cape of Good Hope who discovered the year 1498, making them through trade with India to him instead of Lebanese ports.  In the last ten years of the sixteenth century AD, beat Prince Fakhr al-Din ibn Maan to Prince Yusuf bin Siva, who was governor of the city of Tripoli and the Kesrouan and the city of Beirut and extracted from him the province Alexrvanih, Beirut and expelled from this city, the Aga Mtzlma who was from a party I'm a sword. The pride of religion during the seventeenth century to take care of Amran city dramatically, prospered and opened up to Europe in his day,  and parameters established by: tower, later known as Tower Scout, because I use Mrkabba to explore the boats enemy that is trying to raid the country, and the attributed square tower, located on the eastern side of it, which has become known today as Square martyrs or Freedom Square, as well as established the Prince palace in Beirut using the expertise of some of the engineers, the Italians, and a zoo, and has increased the number of pine trees in a critical Beirut and the coordination of existing ones. After the demise of the emirate on the back of Beirut to track the state of New Tripoli.

Beirut in 1860, seems to Prince Abdelkader in the center of the picture, which had been presented to help end the conflict between the Druze and Christians.
Frensawi Suleiman Pasha, the governor of Beirut in 1831 until 1840.

In the last years of the eighteenth century, Beirut witnessed a massive fight between the governor-Shihabi Prince Yusuf and between one of his followers, Ahmed Pasha, the butcher, when each tries to capture them and have been through this struggle to its occupation by the admiral sea "Spenskov" Russian, he performed acts of piracy in the water Ottoman for the Empress Russia, Catherine II, have set up this pirate guns in Shlat tower to be able to hit the wall of the city from near, and for this reason called the Franks on this Alshlat the name of "yard cannon", but the occupation of the Russians ended after a few months after paying them to the city a fine of 25 thousand riyals currency of that time. Returned to the butcher and arrest the master former Prince Youssef Al Shihabi with the help of a nephew of the latter, Emir Bechir II Shihabi famous Palmtai, and executed in 1790 in the city of Acre.  in the days of the butcher prevent Alshihabaon of accommodation in Beirut, and their homes demolished, which was where, and prevent the people of Mount Lebanon from the housing in this city caused by the governor mentioned in Acre taken by the center on behalf of his state of Acre. The butcher who built the fence that surrounded Beirut from all parties and to prevent people from living abroad, scored low in the city's population to 8,000 people in that period, and remained this ban in effect until the year 1832, This year stormed Ibrahim Pasha, Mohammed Ali Pasha and the demolition of fence and permitted the construction of housing elsewhere, he returned to Beirut, its important role again. 

Beirut remained under Egyptian rule in 1832 from 1841 until the time that remained in the Levant in the possession of Ibrahim Pasha. In this period, I knew this city, a major development included other facilities construction and management, and grew a population of that day from 8 thousand people, 15 thousand, due to the extension of its area to outside the fence, who ordered Ibrahim Pasha pull it down and allowed people to construct their homes in the suburbs, which later became part of the the city itself, and flourished their conditions of trade because of the chosen center of quarantine, which forced all comers to the Levant to submit him to make sure their safety health and free from infectious diseases.  During the era of the Egyptians was the governor of Beirut, is the leader in the Egyptian army Suleiman Pasha Frensawi. In 1841 the Ottoman Empire was able to regain control of the Levant, and they transfer to the state chair and appointed by the ruler of them named Pasha Selim. In the era of the governor began to Beirut to flourish thereby increasing Amara and residents, and moved to trade the Franks, and the bone would, and many come boats European to it.  During the events of 1860 between the Druze and the Christians, took refuge in a lot of Maronite Christians in Beirut to escape the massacres in Mount Lebanon and Damascus.